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Archives for June 2026

Starting a Business? Choose the Right Legal Entity From Day One

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Start-ups must choose a legal entity for their business activities. The type of entity you select affects how the business is taxed and who may be held personally liable for its debts and obligations, among other things.

Two popular options — assuming you’re going into business with one or more other people — are S corporations and multimember LLCs treated as partnerships for tax purposes. Both are pass-through entities, meaning tax items pass through to the individual owners and are reported on their personal federal income tax returns. And both offer liability protection. But there are subtle differences to factor into your decision. Here’s a closer look at the pros and cons of each.

Multimember LLCs

A multimember LLC essentially combines the legal advantages of corporations with the tax benefits of partnerships. If you operate your business as an LLC, your personal assets are generally protected from exposure to entity-related liabilities under applicable state law. In addition, all LLC members can participate in management without losing their liability protection (unlike partners in a limited partnership).

Members of this type of LLC are subject to the federal income tax rules for partners. That means your share of the LLC’s taxable income items, gains, losses, deductions and credits will pass through to you and be reported on your personal return. The LLC itself doesn’t owe federal income tax.

In addition to paying income taxes on your share of the LLC’s income, you may owe self-employment tax on that income. This includes Social Security tax at a rate of 12.4% on the first $184,500 of self-employment income in 2026 and Medicare tax of 2.9% on all self-employment income. However, half of your self-employment tax is deductible on your return.

It’s also important to note that this business structure isn’t available to all businesses. Certain types of professional practices may be prohibited from operating as LLCs under the laws of some states or applicable professional standards, such as state bar association rules.

S corporations

An S corporation is a special tax designation available to qualifying domestic corporations. Like a traditional C corporation, an S corporation shields its shareholders from personal liability for the corporation’s debts. At the same time, it provides many — though not all — of the tax benefits associated with partnerships.

If you structure your start-up as an S corporation, your share of the business’s taxable income items, gains, losses, deductions and credits will pass through to you and be reported on your personal return. The entity itself doesn’t owe federal income tax.

S corporations have one important advantage over LLCs treated as partnerships: Shareholder-employees aren’t required to pay self-employment tax on their shares of the profits, provided they receive “reasonable” compensation that’s subject to Social Security and Medicare taxes.

However, there are some downsides to consider. Notably, some partnership tax rules that apply to multimember LLCs and their members are significantly more favorable than the rules that apply to S corporations and their shareholders. Here are some examples:

  • LLC members receive additional tax basis for loss deduction purposes from entity-level liabilities, but S corporation shareholders receive additional tax basis only from loans they make to the corporation. This difference allows LLC members to deduct more losses.
  • When an LLC member purchases an interest from another member, the tax basis of the new member’s share of LLC assets can be stepped up. This lowers the new member’s tax obligation when LLC assets are sold or converted to cash.
  • LLCs and their members have greater flexibility to arrange tax-free transfers of assets (including cash) between themselves.

In addition, LLCs can make disproportionate allocations of taxable income, losses and other tax items among their members. In contrast, S corporations must allocate all pass-through tax items among the shareholders strictly in proportion to their stock ownership percentages.

Also, be aware that not all entities are eligible to make a Subchapter S election. S corporations must comply with strict requirements that limit the number and types of shareholders, prohibit complex capital structures, and impose other restrictions (such as transfers to ineligible shareholders).

Make a tax-smart choice

Choosing your business entity requires careful consideration. Taxes play a pivotal role in this decision. Electing S corporation status or forming an LLC that’s treated as a partnership for tax purposes can provide tax advantages, but only if you structure the entity correctly. Before making your decision, consult with us. We can work with you and your legal advisors to determine the optimal setup for your situation.

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Is Your Side Business a Real Business or Just a Hobby? Understanding the IRS Rules

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Many Americans earn extra income outside of their primary jobs. Whether you sell products online, provide consulting services, create content, perform music, or operate another side venture, it’s important to understand how the IRS views your activity. The distinction between a business and a hobby can significantly impact your tax deductions and overall tax liability.

At Botwinick & Company, we help business owners, entrepreneurs, and self-employed individuals understand the tax implications of their side income and maximize legitimate deductions while remaining compliant with IRS regulations.

Why the IRS Classification Matters

If your side venture generates expenses or occasional losses, whether the IRS considers it a business or a hobby becomes especially important.

When an activity qualifies as a legitimate business, you may generally deduct ordinary and necessary expenses associated with operating that business. These deductions can include supplies, equipment, marketing costs, professional services, travel expenses, and other qualified expenditures.

In situations where business expenses exceed income, resulting losses may potentially offset income from other sources, including wages, investment income, or self-employment earnings, subject to applicable IRS limitations.

However, if the IRS determines that your activity is a hobby rather than a business, the tax treatment becomes far less favorable. While you must still report all income generated by the activity, hobby-related expenses are generally not deductible for federal income tax purposes.

How the IRS Determines Profit Intent

The IRS focuses heavily on whether you are operating your activity with a genuine intention of making a profit. Simply enjoying an activity does not automatically make it a hobby, but the presence of a profit motive is essential for business tax treatment.

One of the strongest indicators of a profit motive is a history of profitability. Generally, the IRS presumes an activity is operated for profit when it generates a profit in at least three of the previous five tax years.

Certain horse-related activities have a separate standard requiring profits in at least two of the previous seven years.

Meeting these benchmarks can provide valuable support if your business experiences occasional losses in future years.

Factors the IRS Reviews

If your activity does not meet the profitability guidelines, the IRS will evaluate several factors to determine whether you are genuinely operating a business.

Some of the key questions include:

  • Do you maintain complete books and financial records?
  • Do you operate in a professional and business-like manner?
  • Do you devote substantial time and effort to the activity?
  • Do you rely on income from the activity?
  • Have you modified operations to improve profitability?
  • Do you possess the knowledge and expertise necessary to succeed?
  • Have you earned profits from similar activities in the past?
  • Is there a realistic expectation of future profits?
  • Do assets used in the business have the potential to appreciate in value?

The IRS evaluates all relevant facts and circumstances rather than relying on any single factor.

Personal Enjoyment Can Raise Questions

Activities that naturally involve personal enjoyment often receive additional scrutiny from the IRS. For example, photography, woodworking, crafting, collecting, music performance, horse breeding, and similar pursuits may be viewed more closely if they consistently generate losses.

This does not mean these activities cannot qualify as businesses. However, maintaining detailed records and demonstrating a clear profit-oriented approach becomes increasingly important.

The IRS Reviews Your Activity Each Year

An activity’s classification is not permanent. The IRS evaluates each tax year independently.

A venture that begins as a hobby may eventually evolve into a legitimate business as operations become more organized and profitable. Likewise, a business that continually generates losses without evidence of a profit motive could face increased IRS scrutiny.

Business owners should continually evaluate their operations, document their efforts to improve profitability, and maintain accurate records that support their business objectives.

Steps to Strengthen Your Business Position

If you want your side venture to be treated as a business, consider taking proactive steps such as:

  • Opening a separate business bank account
  • Maintaining detailed financial records
  • Creating a formal business plan
  • Actively marketing your products or services
  • Tracking time spent on business activities
  • Adjusting strategies to improve profitability
  • Seeking guidance from tax and business professionals

These actions can help demonstrate a legitimate profit motive while supporting your position should the IRS ever question your deductions.

Professional Tax Guidance for Side Businesses

If you operate a side business that is still growing or not yet consistently profitable, careful tax planning can make a significant difference. Proper documentation, strategic planning, and ongoing fi  nancial oversight can help strengthen your position and maximize available tax benefits.

At Botwinick & Company, we work with entrepreneurs, freelancers, consultants, and small business owners to develop tax-efficient strategies while helping them remain compliant with evolving IRS regulations. Contact our team today to discuss your situation and ensure your business is positioned for long-term success.

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Understanding 1031 Exchanges: A Smart Tax Deferral Strategy for Real Estate Investors

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For many real estate investors, developers, and business owners, selling a highly appreciated property can trigger a significant tax liability. Fortunately, Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code provides an opportunity to defer capital gains taxes by exchanging one qualifying investment property for another.

While 1031 exchanges can be a powerful wealth-building and tax-planning tool, there are many misconceptions surrounding how they work. At Botwinick & Company, LLC, we help clients navigate complex tax strategies and avoid costly mistakes. Below, we address several common myths about like-kind exchanges and explain what property owners need to know before pursuing this tax-saving opportunity.

What Is a 1031 Exchange?

A 1031 exchange allows taxpayers to defer capital gains taxes when they sell investment or business-use real estate and reinvest the proceeds into another qualifying property. Rather than completing a traditional sale, the transaction is structured as an exchange, allowing the gain to remain deferred until the replacement property is eventually sold.

This strategy can help preserve capital, improve cash flow, and provide flexibility when repositioning real estate holdings.

Myth #1: The New Property Must Be Identical to the Old Property

One of the most common misunderstandings is that a replacement property must closely resemble the property being exchanged. In reality, the IRS defines “like-kind” much more broadly.

Most real estate held for investment purposes or used in a trade or business can be exchanged for virtually any other qualifying real estate used for investment or business purposes. For example, an investor may exchange:

  • An apartment building for retail space
  • Raw land for a warehouse
  • An office building for a multifamily property
  • A commercial property for investment land

However, properties held primarily for resale, such as inventory or fix-and-flip projects, generally do not qualify for Section 1031 treatment.

Myth #2: A 1031 Exchange Eliminates Taxes Forever

A properly structured exchange can defer taxes, but it does not permanently eliminate them. The deferred gain typically carries forward into the replacement property.

If the replacement property is eventually sold without completing another qualifying exchange, the deferred gain generally becomes taxable at that time.

In addition, some exchanges may result in partial tax liability if the transaction includes cash or other non-like-kind assets. This is commonly referred to as “boot.”

For example, if an investor exchanges a property and receives additional cash as part of the transaction, the cash received may be taxable even though the remainder of the gain is deferred.

Proper planning is critical to minimizing unintended tax consequences and maximizing the benefits of a 1031 exchange.

Myth #3: Cash Is the Only Form of Taxable Boot

Many investors assume that only cash received during an exchange can create a taxable event. However, boot can take several forms.

Debt relief is another common example. If the mortgage or debt on the relinquished property exceeds the debt assumed on the replacement property, the difference may be treated as taxable boot.

For instance, if an investor is relieved of a $500,000 mortgage but only assumes a $400,000 mortgage on the replacement property, the $100,000 difference could potentially create a taxable gain.

Because debt structures can significantly impact tax outcomes, investors should carefully review financing arrangements before completing an exchange.

Myth #4: You Must Identify the Replacement Property Before Selling

Although planning ahead is highly recommended, investors are not required to have a replacement property under contract before selling their existing property.

Most 1031 exchanges are completed using a delayed exchange structure, where the original property is sold first and the replacement property is acquired later.

However, strict IRS deadlines apply:

  • You must identify potential replacement property within 45 days of selling the relinquished property.
  • You must complete the acquisition of the replacement property within 180 days of the original sale.

These deadlines are absolute and generally cannot be extended. Missing either deadline may disqualify the transaction and trigger immediate taxation of the gain.

The Importance of a Qualified Intermediary

Another critical requirement is the use of a qualified intermediary (QI). Once the original property is sold, the proceeds cannot be received directly by the taxpayer.

Instead, the qualified intermediary holds the funds and facilitates the exchange process. If the seller takes possession of the proceeds, even temporarily, the exchange may fail and become fully taxable.

Choosing an experienced intermediary and coordinating with your tax advisor early in the process can help ensure compliance with IRS regulations.

Why Proper Planning Matters

Like-kind exchanges offer significant advantages for investors seeking to grow their portfolios while preserving capital. When executed correctly, a 1031 exchange can help defer taxes, improve investment flexibility, and support long-term wealth accumulation.

However, the rules governing these transactions are detailed and unforgiving. Misunderstanding qualification requirements, missing deadlines, or improperly handling exchange proceeds can result in unexpected tax liabilities.

Whether you’re exchanging commercial property, investment real estate, vacant land, or rental properties, careful planning is essential.

Partner With Botwinick & Company for Strategic Tax Guidance

At Botwinick & Company, LLC, we work with real estate investors, business owners, and developers to evaluate tax-efficient strategies that support long-term financial goals. If you’re considering selling investment or business real estate, our team can help you determine whether a Section 1031 exchange aligns with your objectives and ensure the transaction is structured properly.

Contact Botwinick & Company today to discuss your real estate tax planning opportunities and learn how a 1031 exchange may help preserve capital while supporting future growth.

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Self-Employed Tax Deductions Every Business Owner Should Know About

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If you’re self-employed, every dollar you save on taxes can have a direct impact on your bottom line. Whether you’re a consultant, freelancer, independent contractor, real estate professional, online seller, or small business owner, understanding which expenses qualify as tax deductions can help reduce your taxable income and improve cash flow.

At Botwinick & Company, LLC, we work with self-employed professionals throughout Florida and beyond to identify tax-saving opportunities and develop proactive tax strategies. Unfortunately, many business owners miss legitimate deductions simply because they don’t understand the rules or fail to maintain proper documentation.

Below are some of the most commonly overlooked tax deductions available to self-employed individuals.

Understanding Self-Employment Tax Reporting

Most self-employed individuals report their business income and expenses on Schedule C (Profit or Loss From Business) attached to their personal Form 1040 tax return. This includes sole proprietors, freelancers, gig workers, independent contractors, and many single-member LLC owners.

Your taxable business income generally includes:

  • Payments reported on Form 1099-NEC
  • Payments reported on Form 1099-K
  • Cash payments received from customers
  • Online sales revenue
  • Income from side businesses or consulting work
  • Any other self-employment earnings

Even if you don’t receive a tax form, you are still required to report all taxable income earned during the year.

One significant advantage of being self-employed is the ability to deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses. These deductions help reduce taxable income and lower your overall tax liability.

What Makes an Expense Tax Deductible?

The IRS generally requires business expenses to be both:

  • Ordinary — Common and accepted within your industry.
  • Necessary — Helpful and appropriate for operating your business.

Maintaining accurate records, receipts, invoices, mileage logs, and supporting documentation is critical if the IRS ever questions your deductions.

1. Home Office Deduction

Many self-employed professionals work from home but fail to claim the home office deduction because they assume it will trigger an audit. In reality, if you qualify, this deduction can provide substantial tax savings.

To qualify, a portion of your home must be used regularly and exclusively for business purposes and serve as your primary place of business.

Eligible expenses may include:

  • Mortgage interest
  • Rent payments
  • Property taxes
  • Utilities
  • Homeowners insurance
  • Repairs and maintenance
  • Internet service

For example, if your office occupies 10% of your home’s square footage, you may be able to deduct 10% of many qualifying household expenses.

The IRS also offers a simplified method that allows a deduction of up to $5 per square foot for up to 300 square feet of office space.

2. Professional Education and Training

Investing in your professional knowledge can often provide tax benefits. Many educational expenses are deductible when they maintain or improve skills related to your existing business.

Potentially deductible education expenses include:

  • Continuing education courses
  • Industry certifications
  • Professional seminars
  • Trade conferences
  • Books and educational materials
  • Registration fees
  • Certain travel expenses related to training

However, education that qualifies you for an entirely new profession or meets minimum requirements for a new career generally does not qualify for a deduction.

3. Business Meals

Business meals continue to be an area of confusion for many self-employed taxpayers.

Generally, you may deduct 50% of qualifying business meal expenses when discussing business with:

  • Clients
  • Prospective customers
  • Business partners
  • Suppliers
  • Professional advisors
  • Employees

The meal must have a legitimate business purpose, and proper documentation should be maintained.

It’s important to note that entertainment expenses are generally not deductible. However, food and beverages purchased separately from an entertainment event may still qualify for the 50% deduction.

Keeping itemized receipts and documenting who attended and the business purpose of the meeting can help support your deduction.

4. Business Travel Expenses

If you travel away from your tax home for business purposes, many travel-related expenses may be deductible.

Examples include:

  • Airfare
  • Hotels and lodging
  • Rental cars
  • Taxi and rideshare services
  • Parking fees
  • Tolls
  • Baggage fees
  • Business-related meals

To qualify, the primary purpose of the trip must be business related.

For example, attending a trade show, meeting with clients, participating in a conference, or completing a business project in another city may qualify.

If your trip combines business and personal activities, only the expenses directly related to the business portion are deductible. Careful documentation is essential when personal travel is mixed with business activities.

If a spouse accompanies you, their travel expenses are generally not deductible unless they are a bona fide employee and have a legitimate business purpose for the trip.

5. Vehicle and Mileage Deductions

Your vehicle may represent one of the largest deductions available if you regularly use it for business purposes.

You generally have two methods available:

Actual Expense Method

This method allows you to deduct the business-use percentage of vehicle expenses such as:

  • Fuel
  • Insurance
  • Maintenance
  • Repairs
  • Registration fees
  • Depreciation

For example, if 60% of your driving is business-related, you may be able to deduct 60% of qualifying vehicle expenses.

Standard Mileage Method

Alternatively, you may use the IRS standard mileage rate for business driving, which can significantly simplify recordkeeping requirements.

Regardless of the method used, maintaining a mileage log that records dates, destinations, business purposes, and miles driven is critical.

Additional Deductions Many Self-Employed Individuals Miss

Beyond the deductions listed above, self-employed taxpayers may also qualify for:

  • Health insurance premiums
  • Retirement plan contributions
  • Business insurance
  • Advertising and marketing expenses
  • Website development and hosting costs
  • Professional memberships
  • Software subscriptions
  • Office supplies
  • Telephone expenses
  • Legal and accounting fees

Many of these deductions can significantly reduce taxable income when properly documented and reported.

Don’t Miss Valuable Tax-Saving Opportunities

Many self-employed business owners pay more tax than necessary because they overlook deductions or fail to maintain adequate records throughout the year. Proactive tax planning, accurate bookkeeping, and strategic expense tracking can help maximize deductions while keeping you compliant with IRS requirements.

At Botwinick & Company, LLC, we help self-employed professionals, consultants, independent contractors, and small business owners identify tax-saving opportunities, improve recordkeeping practices, and develop customized tax strategies designed to minimize tax liability.

If you’re self-employed and want to ensure you’re taking advantage of every deduction available, contact Botwinick & Company today to schedule a consultation.

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The Tax Challenges of Selling Self-Created Intellectual Property and Business Intangibles

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For many business owners, some of their most valuable assets are intangible. Customer relationships, proprietary processes, goodwill, trademarks, copyrights, and intellectual property often represent years of hard work and investment. However, when it comes time to sell a business or transfer ownership of these assets, the tax treatment may not be as favorable as many entrepreneurs expect.

The IRS applies different tax rules depending on the type of intangible asset involved and whether the asset is considered “self-created.” Understanding these distinctions is essential because they can significantly affect the amount of tax owed when a transaction occurs.

At Botwinick & Co., we help business owners, entrepreneurs, and investors navigate complex tax matters involving the sale and transfer of intangible assets. Understanding these rules before a transaction takes place can help prevent unexpected tax consequences.

Why Intangible Assets Matter

Unlike physical assets such as equipment, vehicles, or real estate, intangible assets derive their value from intellectual property, business reputation, customer relationships, and proprietary information. These assets frequently represent a substantial portion of a company’s overall value.

Examples of intangible assets include:

  • Goodwill
  • Trademarks and trade names
  • Customer lists
  • Supplier relationships
  • Patents
  • Copyrights
  • Proprietary formulas and processes
  • Business systems and procedures
  • Workforce in place

When these assets are sold, the tax treatment can vary significantly depending on how they were created and who owns them.

What Is Considered a Self-Created Intangible?

Generally, an intangible asset is considered self-created when it is developed through the personal efforts of the taxpayer. This includes situations where the taxpayer directly creates the asset or supervises and directs others who contribute to its creation.

For example, a business owner who develops a proprietary process, writes a book, creates software, designs a product, or develops a patent may be considered the creator of that intangible asset for tax purposes.

The classification becomes particularly important because certain self-created intangibles do not qualify for favorable capital gains treatment when sold.

The Difference Between Capital Gains and Ordinary Income

One of the most significant tax considerations involves whether the gain from selling an intangible asset is treated as a capital gain or ordinary income.

Long-term capital gains are generally taxed at lower federal tax rates than ordinary income. Depending on income levels, long-term capital gains rates are typically 0%, 15%, or 20%, while ordinary income tax rates can reach as high as 37%.

As a result, receiving capital gain treatment can lead to substantial tax savings.

Self-Created Intangibles That May Generate Ordinary Income

Unfortunately, not all self-created intangible assets qualify for favorable capital gains treatment. Certain assets are specifically excluded and are treated as noncapital assets under federal tax law.

Examples include:

  • Patents
  • Inventions
  • Models and designs
  • Trade secrets
  • Proprietary formulas
  • Manufacturing processes
  • Copyrights
  • Literary works
  • Musical compositions
  • Artistic creations

When these types of self-created assets are sold, any resulting gain is often taxed as ordinary income rather than capital gain.

This distinction can create a significantly higher tax liability than many business owners anticipate.

Documents and Written Materials May Also Be Affected

The rules extend beyond intellectual property and inventions. Certain written materials prepared specifically for a taxpayer may also receive unfavorable treatment.

Examples may include:

  • Business memorandums
  • Research reports
  • Professional studies
  • Specialized documentation
  • Technical manuals

Even when the taxpayer did not personally create the material, these assets may still fall under the noncapital asset rules depending on the circumstances.

Understanding the Substituted Basis Rule

Business owners often transfer assets into partnerships, LLCs, or corporations as part of business formation or restructuring. Unfortunately, transferring a self-created intangible asset does not automatically change its tax character.

Under what is commonly referred to as the substituted basis rule, the receiving entity generally inherits the creator’s tax basis in the asset.

For example, if a business owner contributes a self-created patent into an LLC or partnership through a tax-free transaction, the entity typically assumes the owner’s basis. As a result, the unfavorable ordinary income treatment generally remains attached to the asset.

If the entity later sells the patent, the gain may still be taxed as ordinary income rather than capital gain.

Self-Created Intangibles That Qualify for Capital Gain Treatment

Fortunately, many valuable business assets do receive favorable capital gains treatment when sold.

Examples include:

  • Goodwill
  • Going concern value
  • Customer lists
  • Prospective customer databases
  • Supplier relationships
  • Business operating systems
  • Workforce in place
  • Business records and procedures

These assets are often among the most valuable components of a successful business sale.

Because gains from these assets generally qualify for capital gains treatment, they can produce significantly lower tax liabilities compared to self-created patents, copyrights, or similar assets.

Purchase Price Allocation Is Critical

When a business is sold, the purchase price must typically be allocated among all acquired assets. This allocation directly affects the tax consequences for both the buyer and seller.

Assets commonly included in an allocation analysis include:

  • Equipment
  • Inventory
  • Furniture and fixtures
  • Real estate
  • Goodwill
  • Customer relationships
  • Intellectual property
  • Patents and copyrights

Because different assets receive different tax treatment, buyers and sellers often have competing interests when negotiating allocations.

Proper valuation support and documentation are essential because the IRS frequently scrutinizes transactions involving significant intangible asset values.

What About Assets Created by Employees?

The IRS has previously addressed situations where intangible assets were developed by employees rather than directly by the business owner.

In certain cases, assets created by employees and owned by the business may not be classified as self-created intangibles for tax purposes. This distinction can produce a more favorable tax outcome when the assets are eventually sold.

This treatment may apply to corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and S corporations depending on the facts and circumstances involved.

Because ownership structures and development arrangements vary widely, professional tax analysis is essential before assuming any particular tax result.

Planning Opportunities Before a Sale

Business owners who anticipate selling a company or transferring intellectual property should evaluate the tax treatment of their intangible assets well before negotiations begin.

Proactive planning may help:

  • Identify assets that qualify for capital gains treatment
  • Estimate potential tax liabilities
  • Structure transactions more efficiently
  • Support defensible purchase price allocations
  • Avoid surprises during due diligence
  • Reduce audit risk
  • Improve after-tax transaction proceeds

Waiting until after a transaction has been negotiated often limits planning opportunities and may result in avoidable tax costs.

Why Professional Guidance Matters

The rules governing self-created intangible assets are highly technical and often misunderstood. The difference between capital gain and ordinary income treatment can have a substantial impact on the overall economics of a transaction.

Whether you are selling a business, licensing intellectual property, transferring ownership interests, or restructuring your company, understanding how your intangible assets will be taxed should be a critical part of the planning process.

How Botwinick & Co. Can Help

At Botwinick & Co., our experienced tax professionals work with business owners, entrepreneurs, partnerships, corporations, and closely held businesses throughout every stage of the business lifecycle. We help clients evaluate the tax implications of business sales, mergers, acquisitions, ownership transfers, and intellectual property transactions.

If you are considering selling a business or transferring valuable intangible assets, contact Botwinick & Co. before finalizing the deal. Our team can help you identify potential tax issues, evaluate planning opportunities, and develop strategies designed to maximize after-tax value while remaining compliant with federal tax regulations.

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